Disappearance of Claudia Lawrence

Claudia Elizabeth Lawrence (disappeared 18 March 2009) was an English chef at the University of York who disappeared on 18 March 2009. Although the police have treated her disappearance as a case of murder, with various people arrested (but later released), her fate is unclear. Background: Claudia Lawrence was born in Malton, Yorkshire in 1974. She spent her early life with her parents Peter and Joan. She had a younger sister Alison. Her father Peter was a prosperous solicitor and she enjoyed a comfortable childhood. Lawrence was privately educated at the York College for Girls. She later attended a local catering college and qualified as a chef. She initially worked as a chef at several hotels and restaurants in York. However she tired of the unsocial hours this involved and in 2006 found employment at the University of York's Goodricke College, working as a chef in the canteen of the University's main campus. In 2007 she purchased a terraced cottage in the York suburb of Heworth for £180,000, situated about three miles from her place of work. Lawrence was considered punctual and reliable by her employer. Lawrence remained single. However, she enjoyed a gregarious social life which revolved around the pubs and clubs of York. Most notably at The Nag's Head pub in Heworth where she was at the centre of a group of regular customers known as 'the Nag's crowd'. Rather than cultivating a single partner she was reported to have engaged in a series of short term relationships often conducted on a concurrent basis. Lawrence was discrete about this and her family would later claim to know little about her relationships with men. This aspect of her lifestyle would later cause some media speculation and would also influence the police investigation of her disappearance. It was widely reported that she seemed attracted to "older, monied and married" men. She holidayed abroad and in the years leading up to her disappearance had made several visits to Cyprus where she was believed to have explored job opportunities. Disappearance- Last known whereabouts: At 6 am on the morning of Wednesday 18 March 2009 Lawrence started her shift at Goodricke College's Roger Kirk Centre. She completed her shift at 2 pm and was recorded on CCTV leaving the College on foot a few minutes later. Around 3 pm she was recorded on CCTV passing a shop in Melrosegate near her home and was seen by a neighbour. During the course of the evening she spoke to both her father and mother on her mobile phone. Her mother described Lawrence's mood as normal and relaxed. The two women discussed a Mother's Day event planned for the following Sunday which both would attend. Lawrence told her mother she was at home and that she planned to retire early since she would have to rise before 5 am next day in order to walk to work, her car being under repair. Lawrence sent a final text message from her mobile phone at 8:23 pm and a final incoming text was received at 9:12 pm. Thereafter nobody is known to have seen or heard from Lawrence. Reported missing: On Thursday 19 March 2009 Lawrence was scheduled to start work at 6 am. She did not report for duty. Her manager called her mobile phone number but although the phone rang the call was directed to voice messaging. The manager took no further action. Lawrence had previously arranged to meet her friend Suzy Cooper at The Nags Head that night. Cooper attended the appointment but Lawrence did not. Cooper then attempted to contact Lawrence by telephone. Lawrence was normally a prolific user of her Samsung D900 mobile phone so Cooper was surprised when she was unable to attract a response. Cooper attempted to contact Lawrence again on the morning of Friday 20 March but again without success. At this point Cooper became alarmed and telephoned an acquaintance at Goodricke College to obtain information. The acquaintance reported that Lawrence had not reported for duty on either 19 March or 20 March. Cooper telephoned Lawrence's father Peter on Friday 20 March to report the situation. Peter visited his daughter's home in company with George Forman, the landlord of The Nag's Head. Using Peter's key, the two men entered the property. They found it in an orderly state. The bed was made and there were unwashed 'breakfast dishes' in the kitchen sink. Her handbag containing her purse, bank cards and passport was in the house. The only significant items missing were her mobile phone and a rucksack which she normally used to carry her chef's whites to and from work. Indications were that Lawrence had left the house normally to go to work at around 5am on the morning of Thursday 19 March. But she had never arrived. The North Yorkshire Police (NYP) was contacted at around 2 pm on Friday 20 March 2009 in order to report Lawrence as a missing person. Police officers met with Lawrence's father at her home later that day. The NYP was initially slow to act on grounds that Lawrence was not a vulnerable person and there was no obvious evidence of violence. They considered it likely that Lawrence had decided to absent herself and would reappear after a few days. However, NYP officers checked her route to work and sent out a public request for information. Lawrence's family became increasingly insistent that she must have been abducted. After five weeks the NYP upgraded the enquiry from a missing person one to one of suspected murder. Case progress- Original investigation: The original NYP investigation of Lawrence's disappearance considered various possibilities, including: - That Lawrence had left with a new lover or to take up a new job or merely to take a break. In recent years there have been an average of around 3,500 missing persons reports per year in the NYP area. The large majority of these cases are quickly resolved when the missing person reappears. However, as time went on Lawrence's family became increasingly insistent that she would have contacted them had she been able to do so. This possibility was eventually dismissed. - That Lawrence had suffered an accident or medical emergency on her way into work. The route from her home to place of work was checked at an early stage and no trace of her was found. This possibility was quickly dismissed. - That Lawrence had been the victim of a chance encounter with a serial killer or other crazed individual. Reports were made of various people behaving strangely in the Heworth area in the days leading up to Lawrence's disappearance. These reports were investigated but without conclusive result. Cases of known serial killers who might have been active in the area were also considered but discounted.. - That Lawrence had been the victim of a person known to her. Detectives soon began to favour this explanation. Most murder victims know their killer and Lawrence's lifestyle may have made her vulnerable to the anger of a jilted lover or some similar episode. One critical piece of evidence was that Lawrence's mobile phone remained on until 12:08pm on Thursday 19 March at which time it was deliberately switched off. It was determined that the phone had been connected to a mast in the Heworth area of York throughout the morning of 19 March and up to the point it was switched off. This indicates that the phone itself did not leave the local area. The only CCTV camera on Lawrence's route to work was at the Melrosegate Post Office and the recording from the morning of 19 March did not show Lawrence passing. Although that is not critical since she might have passed on the opposite side of the road out of camera view. The independent crime-fighting charity Crimestoppers offered a reward of £10,000 to anyone providing information which leads to the arrest and conviction of any person linked to the disappearance, but this has since been withdrawn. NYP have said that any past personal acquaintances of Lawrence have a limited time to come forward "in confidence". NYP have received over 1,200 calls offering information, and an appeal for help was made by John Sentamu, the Archbishop of York. In early June 2009, a reconstruction of Lawrence's last known movements was featured in a Crimewatch appeal. Also in June, 100 days after his daughter went missing, Peter Lawrence launched a YouTube appeal for information. In the appeal, he stated his belief that the internet was vital in the search. In late August 2009, NYP and the Lawrence family used the annual Whitby Regatta in North Yorkshire to publicise the campaign. In September 2009, NYP revealed that the search for Lawrence had been extended to Cyprus. Detective Superintendent Ray Galloway stated that Lawrence "knew several people who live on the island" and that she may have "received job offers" while there. Galloway also stated that some people who had been interviewed had been "reluctant and less than candid" when spoken to, and that a team of officers had been sent to Cyprus to interview people whom Lawrence met there. It was reported that the last text message received by Lawrence was from a man who was on the island. Later in September, detectives investigating the Lawrence case made a search of an area of the university where Lawrence worked. In October 2009, NYP revealed they were looking for the driver of a "rusty white van" who was seen trying to talk to women on Lawrence's route to work in the days before she disappeared. On 24 March 2010, NYP began searching areas of Heslington in York, based on new information received "in the last few days". On 24 March, land near to a children's play area, near a muddy farm track, was searched, and on 25 March the search was relocated to a field near to the university, an area of land which is bordered by a playing field and student accommodation. It was later stated that NYP had not found any new leads from these searches and nothing of significance had been discovered. The detective leading the original enquiry, Ray Galloway, indicated that the probable explanation for Lawrence's disappearance lay in her lifestyle. Principally in the "complexity and mystery" of her relationships with men. The investigation centred around construction of a "rogue's gallery" of the men she had been involved with. One Sky TV journalist stated "Claudia apparently lived a significant part of her life in secret. For a privately educated daughter of a country solicitor Claudia had some unusual acquaintances and this remains the only missing person case where I have been warned off or threatened - not once but twice". The general finding which emerged from the original enquiry was that Lawrence had probably been abducted and murdered shortly after leaving home on 19 March. It was considered likely that her killer was a local man known to her. 2013 Major Crime Unit review: In June 2013, NYP announced the £300,000 creation of a new Major Crime Unit (MCU), set up to ease the burden on day-to-day policing. Based in Harrogate, the MCU was to be tasked from October 2013 to handle crimes including rape and kidnap, and review cold cases. In July 2013, the force said the unit would assess several "stalled" cases when it opened in October, including the disappearance of a Harrogate woman in 1997 and that of Claudia Lawrence. The MCU subsequently assessed the case, and carried out new forensic searches at her home on Heworth Road. Using what were described as "advanced techniques not available in 2009", the MCU found additional fingerprints and a man's DNA on a cigarette end in her car. Work surrounding her Samsung D900 mobile phone showed from cell site activity that she was in the Acomb area of York in the weeks leading up to her disappearance, and that the phone was deliberately turned off by someone at about 12:10 GMT on Thursday, 19 March 2009. On the fifth anniversary of her disappearance, a new appeal was made on the BBC's Crimewatch, which aired on 19 March 2014. CCTV footage, recovered in 2009, showed a silver Ford Focus hatchback car, manufactured between 1998 and 2004, driving along Heworth Road. The car's brake lights come on as it approaches level with Claudia's house. On 13 May 2014, a 59-year-old man was arrested by NYP at a house in Burnholme Grove on suspicion of Claudia's murder. The man has been named locally as Michael Snelling, believed to be a project co-ordinator for the mental health charity York Mind, who until 2013 worked for the Biology department at the University of York. NYP, who also assisted Northumbria Police in a search of his deceased mother's house at North Shields, Tyneside, said that further arrests could not be ruled out. Snelling was released on police bail the following day and the forensic search of his York property ended on 21 May 2014. Snelling was re-bailed on 12 June 2014. On 23 March 2015 police announced that a local man in his 50s had been arrested on suspicion of murder, following a fresh search of an alleyway near Lawrence's home. However, on 8 March 2016, the Crown Prosecution Service abandoned proceedings against the four men who had been arrested on suspicion of murder, citing lack of evidence. The NYP blamed a lack of co-operation from witnesses. Links to other cases: -Police authorities admitted there were similarities with the cases of Melanie Hall and Joanna Yeates, two other young, blonde British women who disappeared in 1996 and 2010 respectively, but said that they have not yet found direct evidence to link them. When a young woman's body was discovered at Christmas 2010, Lawrence's father wondered whether his daughter had been found, but that victim was later identified as Yeates. -In his 2017 book, Catching a Serial Killer: My hunt for murderer Christopher Halliwell, the Senior Investigating Officer in the murder investigation of Sian O'Callaghan, Stephen Fulcher, suggests there are similarities between Claudia and Sian's cases. A witness reportedly came forward to say they had seen Claudia speaking to a man matching the description of Sian's killer, Christopher Halliwell.[44] In 2018, investigative journalist Tim Hicks and retired police intelligence officer, Chris Clark, suggested that Claudia's murder is consistent with Halliwell’s modus operandi, that Halliwell had a good knowledge of northern cities and visited the area often. 'Claudia's Law': In June 2019, ten years after Lawrence's disappearance, the Government introduced the Guardianship (Missing Person’s) Act 2017, informally known as 'Claudia's Law'. The law would allow for a guardian to be appointed to manage the affairs of a person who has been missing for 90 days or more. Such a guardian would have the power to, for example, stop direct debits for utilities. The law was introduced after campaigning by Peter Lawrence with the support of MPs.