pumpkin spice season

I can't wait for the pumpkin spice season. I love that kinda stuff. I love it in cereal, coffee and snacks. While I like this kinda stuff it's also super sugary. while i was in the ICU everyone was worrying about the sugary stuff.

Coffee cup sleeve

Coffee cup sleeves, also known as coffee sleeves, coffee clutches, coffee cozies, hot cup jackets, paper zarfs, coffee collars, coffee sleeve, and cup holders, are roughly cylindrical sleeves that fit tightly over handle-less paper coffee cups to insulate the drinker's hands from hot coffee. Coffee sleeves are typically made of textured paperboard, but can be found made of other materials. Coffee sleeves allow coffee houses, fast food restaurants, and other vendors to avoid double-cupping, the practice of using two (or more) nested paper cups for a single hot beverage. Some paper cup holders carry advertisements. The coffee sleeve was invented in 1991 by Jay Sorensen and patented in 1995 (under the trademarked name Java Jacket), and are now commonly utilized by coffee houses and other vendors that sell hot beverages dispensed in disposable paper cups. There are a number of patents that cover various coffee sleeves and their aspects. Other people have claimed to invent the coffee sleeve. There are a number of companies that manufacture coffee sleeves; the top four companies by volume of coffee sleeves sold in the U.S. are, in no particular order, International Paper, LBP Manufacturing, Java Jacket and Labansat & Schulz Manufacturing. The sleeve was invented while Sorensen was driving his daughter Ryeder to school and spilt a cup of coffee in his lap. The java jacket first appeared at the Seattle Coffeefest in 1995 and Sorensen and his wife Colleen were overwhelmed with requests and orders to fill. Coffee cup sleeves can be customized by having logos or brands printed directly on the sleeves. Many coffee shops have custom printed coffee sleeves. Coffee sleeves should not be confused with fixed cup holders.

Dalgona coffee

Dalgona coffee is a beverage made by whipping equal proportions of instant coffee powder, sugar, and hot water until it becomes creamy and then adding it to cold or hot milk. Occasionally, it is topped with coffee powder, cocoa, crumbled biscuits, or honey. It was popularized on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic, when people refraining from going out started making videos of whipping the coffee at home, by hand without using electrical mixers. The name is derived from dalgona, a Korean sugar sweet, due to the resemblance in taste and appearance, though most dalgona coffee doesn't actually contain dalgona. History: The viral trend of sharing recipes and photos of the do-it-yourself (DIY) coffee first gained prominence during the social distancing orders in South Korea, and for that reason it is dubbed the 'quarantine drink' or 'quarantine coffee'. The coining of the name is credited to the South Korean actor Jung Il-woo, who ordered a whipped coffee at an eatery in Macau during his appearance on KBS2 show called Stars' Top Recipe at Fun-Staurant (신상출시 편스토랑). He likened the taste to that of dalgona, a type of Korean honeycomb toffee. Under the hashtag #dalgonacoffeechallenge, homemade versions of dalgona coffee began spreading on South Korean YouTube channels before going viral on TikTok. The spike in interest during the quarantine period has been attributed to the calming, ASMR-like effects of watching online DIY videos. Although the beverage was popularized as a home-made version of beaten coffee, it is becoming a menu offering in many coffee shops in South Korea. The drink is inspired from the Indian coffee beverage known as phenti hui coffee, phitti hui coffee, or beaten coffee. The only difference is that when making phenti hui coffee, milk is poured on top of the whipped mix rather than spooning the whipped mix on top of the milk. While most dalgona coffee doesn't actually contain dalgona, one South Korean cafe does combine dalgona with milk tea or coffee. It is not possible to make dalgona coffee using ground coffee beans; instant coffee creates the dense and foamy topping and the reason for this has much to do with the drying process of the coffee granules.

English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries

English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries were public social places where men would meet for conversation and commerce. For the price of a penny, customers purchased a cup of coffee and admission. Travellers introduced coffee as a beverage to England during the mid-17th century; previously it had been consumed mainly for its supposed medicinal properties. Coffeehouses also served tea and hot chocolate as well as a light meal. The historian Brian Cowan describes English coffeehouses as "places where people gathered to drink coffee, learn the news of the day, and perhaps to meet with other local residents and discuss matters of mutual concern." Topics like the Yellow Fever would also be discussed. The absence of alcohol created an atmosphere in which it was possible to engage in more serious conversation than in an alehouse. Coffeehouses also played an important role in the development of financial markets and newspapers. Topics discussed included politics and political scandals, daily gossip, fashion, current events, and debates surrounding philosophy and the natural sciences. Historians often associate English coffeehouses, during the 17th and 18th centuries, with the intellectual and cultural history of the Age of Enlightenment: they were an alternate sphere, supplementary to the university. Political groups frequently used coffeehouses as meeting places. Origins- European discovery of coffee: Europeans first learned about coffee consumption and practise through accounts of exotic travels to "oriental" empires of Asia. According to Markman Ellis, travellers accounted for how men would consume an intoxicating liquor, "black in colour and made by infusing the powdered berry of a plant that flourished in Arabia." Native men consumed this liquid "all day long and far into the night, with no apparent desire for sleep but with mind and body continuously alert, men talked and argued, finding in the hot black liquor a curious stimulus quite unlike that produced by fermented juice of grape." Cowan explains how European perceptions of the initial foreign consumption of coffee was internalised and transformed to mirror European traditions through their acquisition of coffee and its transfusion into popular culture. As such, through Cowan's evaluation of the English virtuosi's utilitarian project for the advancement of learning involving experiments with coffee, this phenomenon is well explained. Sir Francis Bacon was an important English virtuoso whose vision was to advance human knowledge through the collection and classification of the natural world in order to understand its properties. His work with coffee inspired further research into its medicinal properties. Experiments with coffee led to supposed "cures" for ailments such as "Head-Melancholy", gout, scurvy, smallpox and excessive drunkenness. Adversely, there were those who were cautious of the properties of coffee, fearing they had more unfavourable effects than positive ones. Experimentalists put forth speculations surrounding coffee's consumption. These experimentalists feared that excessive coffee consumption could result in languor, paralysis, heart conditions and trembling limbs, as well as low spiritedness and nervous disorders. Early Oxford coffeehouses ("penny universities"): During the mid-17th century, coffee was no longer viewed solely as a medicinal plant and this change in perception created a novel opportunity for the serving of coffee to patrons. A ripe location for just such an enterprise was the city of Oxford, with its unique combination of exotic scholarship interests and vibrant experimental community. Thus the first English coffeehouse was established in 1650 at the Angel Coaching Inn in Oxford by a Jewish entrepreneur named Jacob. According to Cowan, Oxford was seen as an important fixture for the creation of a distinctive coffeehouse culture throughout the 1650s. The first coffeehouses established in Oxford were known as penny universities, as they offered an alternative form of learning to structural academic learning, while still being frequented by the English virtuosi who actively pursued advances in human knowledge. The coffeehouses would charge a penny admission, which would include access to newspapers and conversation. Reporters called "runners" went around to the coffeehouses announcing the latest news. This environment attracted an eclectic group of people who met and mingled with each other. In a society that placed such a high importance on class and economic status, the coffeehouses were unique because the patrons were people from all levels of society. Anyone who had a penny could come inside. Students from the universities also frequented the coffeehouses, sometimes even spending more time at the shops than at school. Cowan states: "The coffeehouse was a place for like-minded scholars to congregate, to read, as well as learn from and to debate with each other, but was emphatically not a university institution, and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial." Despite later coffeehouses being far more inclusive, early Oxford coffeehouses had an air of exclusivity, catering to the virtuosi. Early Oxford coffeehouse virtuosi included Christopher Wren, Peter Pett, Thomas Millington, Timothy Baldwin, and John Lampshire, to name a few. The memoirs of Anthony Wood and John Evelyn provide evidence of the nature of early Oxford coffeehouses. The early Oxford coffeehouses also helped establish the tone for future coffeehouses in England, as they would differ from other English social institutions such as alehouses and taverns. "The coffeehouse was a place for "virtuosi" and "wits", rather than for the plebes or roués who were commonly portrayed as typical patrons of the alcoholic drinking houses. Ellis concludes, "(Oxford's coffeehouses') power lay in the fact that they were in daily touch with the people. Their purpose was something more than to provide a meeting-place for social intercourse and gossip; there was serious and sober discussion on all matters of common interest." You have all Manner of News there: You have a good Fire, which you may sit by as long as you please: You have a Dish of Coffee; you meet your Friends for the Transaction of Business, and all for a Penny, if you don't care to spend more. -Maximilien Misson, speaking of London coffeehouses in the late 1600s Early London coffeehouses: The Oxford-style coffeehouses, which acted as a centre for social intercourse, gossip, and scholastic interest, spread quickly to London, where English coffeehouses became popularised and embedded within the English popular and political culture. Pasqua Rosée, a native of Smyrna, western Turkey of a Levant Company merchant named Daniel Edwards, established the first London coffeehouse in 1652. London's second coffeehouse was named the Temple Bar, established by James Farr in 1656. Initially, there was little evidence to suggest that London coffeehouses were popular and largely frequented, due to the nature of the unwelcome competition felt by other London businesses. When Harrington's Rota Club began to meet in another established London coffeehouse known as the Turk's Head, to debate "matters of politics and philosophy", English coffeehouse popularity began to rise. This club was also a "free and open academy unto all comers" whose raison d'être was the art of debate, characterised as "contentious but civil, learned but not didactic." According to Cowan, despite the Rota's banishment after the Restoration of the monarchy, the discursive framework they established while meeting in coffeehouses set the tone for coffeehouse conversation throughout the rest of the 17th century. By early eighteenth century, London boasted more coffeehouses than any other city in the western world, except for Constantinople. Popular period: Character: English coffeehouses had a particular character during their height in popularity, spanning between 1660, after the Restoration of the monarchy, till their decline towards the end of the 18th century. Coffeehouses soon became the "town's latest novelty." A relaxed atmosphere, their relative cheapness and frequency contributed to coffeehouse sociability and their rise in demand. Despite two major setbacks faced by the coffeehouses during their height in popularity, the outbreak of the plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of London that followed in 1666, the coffeehouse popularity did not wane. Ellis explains: "Londoners could not be entirely subdued and there were still some who climbed the narrow stairs to their favourite coffeehouses although no longer prepared to converse freely with strangers. Before entering they looked quite around the room, and would not approach even close acquaintances without first inquiring the health of the family at home and receiving assurances of their well-being." English coffeehouses acted as public houses in which all were welcome, having paid the price of a penny for a cup of coffee. Ellis accounts for the wide demographic of men present in a typical coffeehouse in the post-restoration period: "Like Noah's ark, every kind of creature in every walk of life (frequented coffeehouses). They included a town wit, a grave citizen, a worthy lawyer, a worship justice, a reverend nonconformist, and a voluble sailor." Some historians even claimed that these institutions acted as democratic bodies due to their inclusive nature: "Whether a man was dressed in a ragged coat and found himself seated between a belted earl and a gaitered bishop it made no difference; moreover he was able to engage them in conversation and know that he would be answered civilly." Coffeehouse conversation was supposed to conform to a particular manner. The language of polite and civil conversation was considered to be essential to the conduct of coffeehouse debate and conversation. There is dispute among historians as to the main role that civility played in polite conversation in coffeehouse conversation and debate. Klein argues the importance of the portrayal of utmost civility in coffeehouse conversation to the public was imperative for the survival of coffeehouse popularity throughout the period of restoration-era anxieties. Cowan applies the term "civility" to coffeehouses in the sense of "a peculiarly urban brand of social interaction which valued sober and reasoned debate on matters of great import, be they scientific, aesthetic, or political." He argues that the underlying rules and procedures which have enabled coffeehouses to "keep undesirable out". These include established rules and procedures as well as conventions outlined by clubs when frequenting coffeehouses, such as Harrington's Rota Club. Cowan argues that these "rules" have had a great impact on coffeehouse sociability. Mackie argues that Addison and Steele's popularised periodicals, The Tatler and The Spectator, infused politeness into English coffeehouse conversation, as their explicit purpose lay in the reformation of English manners and morals. Others still contest the holistic presence of polite civility within coffeehouse conversation. Helen Berry uses the example of Elizabeth Adkins, better known as Moll King, using coffeehouse slang known as "flash" - to counter the axiom of polite culture within coffeehouse culture. Ellis explains that because Puritanism influenced English coffeehouse behaviorisms, intoxicants were forbidden, allowing for respectable sober conversation. He offers an example of one coffeehouse patron who, upon seeking ale within a coffeehouse, was asked to leave and visit a nearby tavern. Various coffeehouses catered to diverse groups of individuals who focused on specific topics of discussion. The variety of topics and groups to which the coffeehouses catered to offers insight into the non-homogeneous nature of English society during the period in which coffeehouses rose to their peak in popularity. These different coffeehouse characters are evident when evaluating specific coffeehouses in detail during the period. After the Restoration, coffeehouses known as penny universities catered to a range of gentlemanly arts and acted as an alternate centre of academic learning. These included lessons in French, Italian or Latin, dancing, fencing, poetry, mathematics and astronomy. Other coffeehouses acted as a centre for social gathering for less learned men. Helen Berry evaluates one coffeehouse, known as Moll King's coffeehouse, which is depicted to be frequented by lowlifes and drunkards as well as "an unusual wide social mix of male customers, from courtiers to Covent Garden market traders and pimps." It was also frequently associated with prostitution. Customers also habitually engaged in a type of conversation known as "flash", a derivative of criminal speak. Moll King's coffeehouse was used as a case study for Berry to prove that polite conversation was not always used within a coffeehouse setting. Other groups frequented other coffeehouses for various reasons. For example, Child's coffeehouse, "near the Physician's Warwick Lane and St. Paul's church yard", was frequented by the clergy and by doctors." 'Rules': According to the first posted "Rules and Orders of the Coffee House" illustrated and printed in 1674 as a coffee broadside, equality was supposed to have prevailed amongst all men in these establishments, and "no man of any station need give his place to a finer man". Historians confirm that a diverse demographic of customers frequented English coffeehouses, and social status was somewhat ignored, as one could participate in conversation regardless of class, rank, or political leaning. If one should swear, they would have to forfeit a twelve-pence. If a quarrel broke out, the instigator would have to purchase the offended a cup of coffee. The topic of "sacred things" was barred from coffeehouses, and rules existed against speaking poorly of the state as well as religious scriptures. The rules forbade games of chance, such as cards and dice, as well. However, In reality, there were no regulations or rules governing the coffee-houses. This satire ironises the very idea of regulating their behaviour. Financial markets: Until the mid-seventeenth century, most people in England were either slightly — or very — drunk all of the time. Most people favored watered-down ale or beer instead of London's river water. The arrival of coffee triggered a dawn of sobriety that laid the foundations for truly spectacular economic growth in the decades that followed as people thought clearly for the first time. The stock exchange, insurance industry, and auctioneering: all burst into life in 17th-century coffeehouses — in Jonathan’s, Lloyd’s, and Garraway’s — spawning the credit, security, and markets that facilitated the dramatic expansion of Britain’s network of global trade in Asia, Africa and America. At Lloyd's Coffee House, frequented by merchants and sailors, deals in the shipping industry were conducted. As a result, it became the major insurer Lloyd's of London. In the 17th century, stockbrokers also gathered and traded in coffee houses, notably Jonathan's Coffee-House, because they were not allowed in the Royal Exchange due to their rude manners. Print news culture: The English coffeehouse also acted as a primary centre of communication for news. Historians strongly associate English coffeehouses with print and scribal publications, as they were important venues for the reading and distribution of such materials, as well as the gathering of important news information. Most coffeehouses provided pamphlets and newspapers, as the price of admission covered their costs. Patrons perused reading material at their leisure. Coffeehouses became increasingly associated with news culture, as news became available in a variety of forms throughout coffeehouses. These forms include: "Print, both licensed and unlicensed; manuscripts; aloud, as gossip, hearsay, and word of mouth." Runners also went round to different coffeehouses* reporting the latest current events*. Circulation of bulletins announcing sales, sailings, and auctions was also common in English coffeehouses. Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's news publications, The Spectator and the Tatler, were considered the most influential venue of print news that circulated in English coffeehouses. These journals were likely the most widely distributed sources of news and gossip within coffeehouses throughout the early half of the 18th century. Addison and Steele explicitly worked to reform the manners and morals of English society, accomplished through a veiled anecdotal critique of English society. As these anecdotal stories held underlying, rather than explicit, social critiques, "readers were persuaded, not coerced, into freely electing these standards of taste and behaviour as their own." Addison and Steele relied on coffeehouses for their source of news and gossip as well as their clientele, and then spread their news culture back into the coffeehouses as they relied on coffeehouses for their distribution. According to Bramah, the good standing of the press during the days in which Addison and Steele distributed The Tatler and The Spectator in English coffeehouses can be directly attributed to the popularity of the coffeehouse. The Enlightenment: There is contention among historians as to the extent to which English coffeehouses contributed to the public sphere of the age of Enlightenment. There is no simple and uniform way to describe the Age of Enlightenment; however, historians generally agree that during this period, reason became a substitute for other forms of authority that had previously governed human action, such as religion, superstition, or customs of arbitrary authority. In his analysis of the Enlightenment, Jürgen Habermas argues that the age of Enlightenment had seen the creation of a bourgeois public sphere for the discussion and transformations of opinions. According to Habermas, this 'public realm' "is a space where men could escape from their roles as subjects, and gain autonomy in the exercise and exchange of their own opinions and ideas." Consequently, there is also no simple and uniform 'public sphere', as it can encompass different spheres within, such as an intellectual of political public sphere of the age of Enlightenment. In regard to English coffeehouses, there is contention among historians as to the extent to which coffeehouses should be considered within the public sphere of the Enlightenment. Dorinda Outram places English coffeehouses within an intellectual public sphere, focusing on the transfusion of enlightened ideas. She justifies her placement of English coffeehouses within an 'intellectual public sphere' by naming them "commercial operations, open to all who could pay and thus provided ways in which many different social strata could be exposed to the same ideas." She also argues that enlightened ideas were transfused through print culture, a culture that became open to larger number of individuals after the 'reading revolution' at the end of the 18th century. According to Outram, as English coffeehouses offered various forms of print items, such as newspapers, journals and some of the latest books, they are to be considered within the public sphere of the Enlightenment. Historian James Van Horn Melton offers another perspective and places English coffeehouses within a more political public sphere of the Enlightenment. According to Melton, English coffeehouses were "born in an age of revolution, restoration, and bitter party rivalries. (They) provided public space at a time when political action and debate had begun to spill beyond the institutions that had traditionally contained them." He uses the fact that Harrington's "arch republican" Rota club met within an early London coffeehouse to discuss political issues as evidence that English coffeehouses were depicted as centres of "religious and political dissent." He also offers evidence that different political groups used the popularity of coffeehouses for their own political ends: Puritans encouraged coffeehouse popularity because proprietors forbade the consumption of alcohol within their establishment, whereas royalist critics associated coffeehouses with incessant and unwarranted political talk by common subjects. Women: Historians disagree on the role and participation of women within the English coffeehouse. Bramah states that women were forbidden from partaking in coffeehouse activity as customers. Cowan, on the other hand, explains that while coffeehouses were free and open to all subjects despite class, gender, or merit, conversation revolved around male-centred issues such as politics, business and cultural criticism, which were not supposed to concern women and thus their participation within coffeehouses was unwelcomed. Historians depict coffeehouses as a gentlemanly sphere where men could partake in conversation without associating with women; coffeehouses were consequently not considered a place for a lady who wished to preserve her respectability. As such, complaints against the coffeehouse were commonly vocalised by women. Women used subtle arguments against coffeehouse frequenting, as well as coffee consumption, outlined in "The Women's Petition Against Coffee." They protested against the consumption of coffee arguing that it made men sterile and impotent and stated that it contributed to the nation's failing birth rate. According to the petition, coffee made men "as unfruitful as the sandy deserts, from where that unhappy berry is said to be brought." Women also raised protest against the coffeehouse itself as it "provided in times of domestic crisis when a husband should have been attending to his duties at home." Cowan cites a handful of instances in which women were allowed to frequent English coffeehouses: When partaking in business ventures, in Bath, where female sociability was more readily accepted, in gambling/coffeehouses, and while auctions were held within coffeehouses, as a woman acted in the service of her household. Historians have accounted for female involvement in the male public sphere of the coffeehouse by evaluating female news hawkers who enter temporarily within a male-dominated coffeehouse. Paula McDowell has argued that these women "were anything but the passive distributors of other people's political ideas." In addition, as McDowell's study shows, female hawkers "shaped the modes and forms of political discourse through their understanding of their customer's desires for news and print ephemera." Nonetheless, McDowell and Cowan agree that although women workers may have been physically within the male public sphere of the coffeehouse, their rank and gender prevented them from fully participating within the sphere. The presence of women within coffeehouses in general did not mean that they participated equally in the public sphere of coffeehouses. Cowan points to female proprietors of coffeehouses, known as "coffee-women", as a pertinent example of women's presence in, while not necessarily participating in, the public realm of coffeehouses. They acted as proprietors of the establishment as well as coffee servers, while not necessarily taking part in coffeehouse conversation. Famous female coffeehouse proprietors are Anne Rochford and Moll King, who subsequently became publicly satirised figures. Decline: Towards the end of the 18th century, coffeehouses had almost completely disappeared from the popular social scene in England. Historians offer a wide range of reasons for the decline of English coffeehouses. Ellis argues that coffeehouse patrons' folly through business endeavours, the evolution of the club and the government's colonial policy acted as the main contributors to the decline of the English coffeehouse. Coffeehouse proprietors worked to gain monopoly over news culture and to establish a coffeehouse newspaper as the sole form of print news available. Met with incessant ridicule and criticism, the proposal discredited coffee-men's social standing. Ellis explains: "Ridicule and derision killed the coffee-men's proposal but it is significant that, from that date, their influence, status and authority began to wane. In short, coffee-men had made a tactical blunder and had overreached themselves." The rise of the exclusive club also contributed to the decline in popularity of English coffeehouses. Bramah explains how the coffeehouse rules that had made coffeehouses once accessible meeting places for all sections of society, fell into disuse. "Snobbery reared its head, particularly amongst the intelligentsia, who felt that their special genius entitled them to protection from the common herd. Strangers were no longer welcome." For example, some coffeehouses began charging more than the customary penny to preserve frequent attendance of the higher standing clientele they served. Literary and political clubs rose in popularity, as "the frivolities of coffee-drinking were lost in more serious discussion." With a new increased demand for tea, the government also had a hand in the decline of the English coffeehouse in the 18th century. The British East India Company, at the time, had a greater interest in the tea trade than the coffee trade, as competition for coffee had heightened internationally with the expansion of coffeehouses throughout the rest of Europe. Government policy fostered trade with India and China, and, according to Ellis, the government offered encouragements to anything that would stimulate demand for tea. Tea had become fashionable at court, and tea houses, which drew their clientele from both sexes, began to grow in popularity. The growing popularity of tea is explained by the ease with which it is prepared. "To brew tea, all that is needed is to add boiling water; coffee, in contrast, required roasting, grinding and brewing." Ellis offers evidence that tea consumption rose in English society, from 800,000 lb (360,000 kg) per annum in 1710 to 100,000,000 lb (45,000,000 kg) per annum in 1721. In regards to the decline in coffee culture, Ellis concludes: "They had served their purpose and were no longer needed as meeting-places for political or literary criticism and debate. They had seen the nation pass through one of its greatest periods of trial and tribulation; had fought and won the battle age of profligacy; and had given us a standard of prose-writing and literary criticism unequalled before or since."

Coffee in Italy

Caffè is the Italian word for coffee and probably originates from Kaffa (Arabic: قهوة‎, romanized: Qahwa), the region in Ethiopia where coffee originated. The Muslims first used and distributed it worldwide from the port of Mocha in Yemen, after which the Europeans named it mokka. Caffè may refer to the Italian way of preparing a coffee, an espresso, or occasionally used as a synonym for the European coffee bar. Italians are well known for their special attention to the preparation, the selection of the blends, and the use of accessories when creating many types of coffees. Many of the types of coffee preparation known today also have their roots here. The main coffee port in Italy is Trieste where there is also a lot of coffee processing industry. Italian coffee consumption, often espresso, is highest in the city of Trieste, with an average of 1500 cups of coffee per person per year. That is about twice as much as is usually drunk in Italy. Caffè espresso: Normally, within the espresso bar environment, the term caffè denotes straight espresso. When one orders "un caffè" it is normally enjoyed at the bar, standing. The espresso is always served with a saucer and demitasse spoon, and sometimes with a complimentary wrapped chocolate and a small glass of water. Caffettiera- Coffee maker: The instrument used to prepare caffè at home, the caffettiera, is essentially a small steam machine made of a bottom boiler, a central filter which contains the coffee grounds, and an upper cup. In the traditional Moka pot, water is put in the boiler and the resulting boiling water passes through the coffee grounds, then reaches the cup. The Neapolitan caffettiera operates somewhat differently, and needs to be turned upside down when the drink is ready. Its boiler and cup are therefore interchangeable. The quantity of coffee to be put in the filter determines the richness of the final beverage, but special care is needed in order not to block the water from crossing it, in case of an excess of grounds. Some hints prescribe that some small vertical holes are left in the powder by using a fork. A small flame has to be used to provide an appropriate moderate water pressure; a high pressure makes the water run too quickly, resulting in coffee with little flavour. The flame under the caffettiera has to be turned off ten seconds after the first characteristic noise is heard, and eventually lit again in case the cup was not filled. Coffee house: A related but separate translation of the Italian caffetteria is coffee house or café: an establishment in which caffè was traditionally made with a Moka. These places became common in the 19th century specifically for enjoying caffè, while the habit of caffè drinking at home started at the beginning of the 20th century, when caffettiera machines (Mokas) became available to the general public. In the older caffetterie (Italian, plural), frequented by the upper classes, art and culture events were held. So, many caffetterie acquired cultural importance (like Caffè Greco at 84 Via Condotti, Rome; or Caffè Florian in Venice, both established after the mid of the 18th Century ) and became famous meeting points of artists, intellectuals, politicians, etc. This caffetterie culture was mainly enjoyed by men, while women organised their tea meetings. The traditional afternoon serving of caffè has an almost ceremonial formality: the caffè is always brought with a silver pot; porcelain cups (which should be fine china and as plainly decorated as possible) are served on a saucer with their small silver spoon on the right (on the saucer). Sugar is served separately, in porcelain pots, with a separate silver spoon. After taking caffè, smokers are usually allowed to light their cigarettes (the service typically includes a porcelain ashtray). If women are present, it is they who might grant the men permission to smoke.[citation needed] It is not usual to serve pastries or biscuits with afternoon caffè, but an exception can be made in case there are women at the table.[citation needed] The coffee pot has to be left on the table, for a second cup. After-lunch coffee is taken at separate smaller tables, not at the main one[citation needed] and children are not normally welcome to join adults in such formalities. In the 21st century, as smoking laws and local customs change, caffè drinking becomes less formal overall. Cappuccino is not related to traditional domestic coffee, being made with an espresso machine. Caffè-latte (also known as a latte in the U.S. and Café au lait in France) is made with a simple mixture of hot coffee and hot milk, and served in cups that are larger than tea cups. Caffetterie usually serve caffè-latte too. Coffee house environments: Like bars, coffee houses have a long history of offering environments in which people can easily socialize amongst their own groups and (often) with strangers. This is reflected in language; when people say "meet for coffee," they primarily mean meet to socialize or talk. Historically, coffee houses have been places where people gather, chat, work, write (in particular, the writing of local newspapers), read (in particular, the same local newspapers that were written in coffee houses) and pass the time. Today, coffee houses are much the same—it's merely that ink and paper have been often replaced with laptops and newspapers have been replaced by blogs. The layouts of coffee houses often include smaller nooks and larger, more communal areas. In a more crowded coffee house, it is common for strangers to sit at the same table, even if that table only seats two people. Coffee houses are typically cozy, which encourages communication amongst strangers.

Coffee culture in former Yugoslavia

In former Yugoslavia, coffee drinking is an important cultural practice. Coffee culture has a long history, dating back to the Ottoman period. The distinct type of coffeehouse in former Yugoslavia is the kafana, and the traditional form is "Turkish coffee" (unfiltered). History- Ottoman period: Serbs were influenced by Ottoman culture following the Ottoman conquest, and as early as the 16th century, a coffeehouse was in business in Dorćol, a trading centre in Belgrade at that time. During this period, coffee was served in caravanserai and meyhane. The businesses in Belgrade began to be called kafane (s. kafana) after 1739, when the Ottomans regained Serbia from Austria. At that time, the most notable kafana was Crni orao ("The Black Eagle") in Dorćol, mentioned by traveller Kepper, who noted that the kafanas were divided by religion. The apogee of number of kafanas in Belgrade was in the 19th and 20th centuries. Early 20th century: The kafana was the common meeting place for consultations over village or zadruga affairs. In the early 20th century, Serb peasant leaders often met in kafanas, while Croat peasants did not, looking at it as an urban practice, and instead of black coffee drank wine. Women were at the time prevented from kafanas by a strong social prohibition. In the 1900s, young Serbian nationalists in Belgrade met in the city's kafanas where they openly discussed hatred for Austro-Hungary, and desire for Yugoslavism. Gavrilo Princip, the assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, visited those kafanas in 1912. The Crni konj ("Black horse") café in Varoš-kapija quarter was a meeting place for Ottoman Serb refugees and pečalbari (seasonal workers). Late 20th and 21st century: In the late 1970s, a new type of drinking establishment first appeared in Yugoslavia: the caffe bar or colloquially kafić. These bars normally serve espresso instead of Turkish coffee, tea and soft drinks, as well as a wide selection of alcoholic beverages, but no food. Caffe bars are found in all cities, most shopping centers and at larger gas stations. They have become an essential part of social life as a meeting place for people of all ages, including families with children. University students are among the most frequent patrons of caffe bars. Many people come to caffe bars to smoke cigarettes, which is generally allowed, even indoors. In big cities, seaside towns and other places visited by tourists, caffe bars have large outdoor seating areas, as well as television screens, mainly for watching live sports. Larger caffe bars are sometimes also nightclubs, featuring performances by popular local musicians, often in the turbo folk genre. Kafanas continue to operate, especially in Serbia, as a type of restaurant specializing in traditional cuisine and also serving alcohol and coffee. Traditional kafanas and modern caffe bars are separate types of establishment. Coffee-quarters: -Stari Grad and Skadarlija in Belgrade, Serbia. -Baščaršija, in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Coffee festivals: -CoffeeFest -Coffee Fest Sarajevo Inter-ethnic bonding: In pre-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, coffee drinking was one of the traditional forms of inter-ethnic bonding. After the Bosnian War, inter-ethnic coffee drinking is a rare practice, "having a coffee with someone from the other side would therefore signal one's readiness to challenge the post-conflict divisions".

Coffee in South Korea

Coffee in South Korea has been a strong element in South Korean culture. Originating in the 19th century, it has become a prominent commodity in South Korean marketplaces. It is one of the most popular beverages in the area. History: According to Junman Kang's King Gojong goes to Starbucks states that King Gojong was the first person to taste coffee in Korea. Antoinette Sontag, the sister-in-law of a Russian ambassador, treated the king to a cup of coffee in 1896. Koreans were curious about foreign cultures and the new beverage. Because it came from the West and resembled Asian herbal medicine that only the rich could afford, it was consumed as a symbol of westernization and modernization. In the early days, people called coffee shop or café "dabang". The very first dabang in Korea was built by Sontag as named Sontag Hotel at Junggu Jeongdong in Seoul in 1902. The modern type of dabangs dates from 1927 in Myeongdong and were spread to Jongno and Chungmuro. At first dabangs were open to the royal family and people in high positions and later were used as politicians’ hall, artists’ headquarters, and businessmen's meeting place. Koreans were fascinated by dabang because they enjoyed the practice of drinking coffee in dabang atmosphere; it was a great pleasure to experience using forks to have cake and drinking coffee in a teacup instead of using chopsticks and drinking Korean traditional soup out of a bowl. In mid-1900, dabangs continued to exist as a meeting place rather than as a place where people could drink coffee; however, it was not the time for ordinary citizens to consume coffee yet due to the high price. Before the introduction of coffee shops, people in high positions often held meetings at kisaeng houses while commoners hung out at jumaks to talk about their lives and politics. Since dabangs were the center of debates about politics, economy, culture, education, art, and religion by people of different professions, the Korean government strictly restricted individuals’ visit to dabangs. In that sense, Korean cafés in 1950s were very similar to Parisian cafés in the late seventeenth century when the “police had closely watched cafés” due to the cafés’ function as social institutions (Haine 1992, 608). In the 1960s, the value of coffee skyrocketed because coffee was prohibited from dabangs due to the movement of using domestic products after dictator Park Chung-hee’s 5.16 military coup d'état in 1961. However, dabangs in general became more open to middle class citizens in 1960s. Although dabangs were still for adults only, it became a popular dating place for young men and women. The first Korean theme café was probably a music dabang in the 1970s. This type of dabang had disk jockeys who received song requests from customers and played record music for them. It provided a feeling of freedom to college students who could not express their political opinions openly in 1970s. As the competition amongst dabangs increased in the 1980s, they decorated themselves with distinctive items, such as pink lights and indoor waterfalls, to survive in the increasingly crowded marketplace. At that time, dabangs underwent huge changes in their atmosphere and menu. For example, dark dabangs with dividers to block others' views changed into the ones with bright and cozier atmospheres. This new type of coffee shop, which called themselves cafés to distinguish themselves from old style dabangs, began to focus on different kinds of coffee instead of selling traditional teas and sodas. In the 1990s, people thought that consumption had a style and preferred cafés with a neater interior design and professionalism in coffee. There was a huge shift in Korean café culture's history in 1999 when Starbucks, the first foreign franchise coffee shop in Korea, was established in Sinchon, Seoul. Starbucks introduced Korea to a new café culture, such as take-out and self-service system without good-looking waitresses and staying at a café alone reading a book or doing homework. Since then, more foreign franchise coffee shops entered the market with a greater variety of coffee and atmosphere, and more local franchise cafés and small private-owned cafés appeared with their unique features. Coffee consumption: As of 2015, there were an estimated 49,600 coffee shops in South Korea, and 17,000 coffee shops in Seoul, making Seoul's coffee-per-capita greater than that of Seattle or San Francisco. In 2013, it was estimated that around 657,000 tons of coffee were sold in South Korea, with a per capita coffee consumption of about 2.3 kg per person. Roasters- Starbucks: Starbucks opened its first store in 1999 and since 2011 has been opening about 80 new premises a year. The strong association with the South Korean public and the US has helped make coffee desirable and with many Koreans associating coffee and Starbucks as a lifestyle choice, it has become a status symbol throughout Seoul. Landlords are eager to have the brand open up a store in their buildings to enhance their value, reputation and image. The sudden influx of coffee shops have replaced the once traditional "dabang" which were common meetings places serving a selection of customary teas. In addition to large US chains that have profited from the surge in demand for coffee, local businesses and entrepreneurs have also seized the opportunities. As of 2014 South Korean boasted 17,000 coffee shops and the capital, Seoul, had more outlets of Starbucks than any other city in the world, even New York. Caffé Bene: Caffe Bene is a coffeehouse chain based in Seoul. It was founded in May 2008 by Sun-Kwon Kim, its chief executive officer. Caffè Bene is the largest coffeehouse in South Korea measured by number of stores. As of April 24, 2012, it had 760 outlets. Initially Caffe Bene struggled to gain any traction in an oversaturated American market. Failing to gain brand recognition, Sun-Kwon Kim agreed a deal with a number of entertainment shows to use his coffee locations in a selection of TV shows for a 3% share in the companies profit. Ediya: Ediya is a mid-priced coffee chain, containing around 1,800 stores in South Korea since 2016. Founded in 2001, it is run by CEO Moon Chang-ki. 7-Eleven: The International Convenience store provided competitive 1000-won (87¢) coffee. Pascucci: Caffe pascucci is an Italian coffeehouse chain with over 480 stores in South Korea. Hollys Coffee: Hollys Coffee is a South Korean coffeehouse chain established in 1998. Paik's Coffee: Inexpensive coffee chain founded by Korean celebrity chef turned CEO Baek Jong Won. A Twoesome Place: A Twoesome Place is a coffeehouse chain owned by CJ Group in South Korea.

Coffee in world cultures

Countries have cultivated coffee beans into various vehicles to satisfy needs unique to each country. Whether it be for energy, socialization, or tradition, the cultivation of coffee has served as a motivating force of the world. The modernization of coffee and its unique forms across cultures are markers of tradition and modern changes across continents. Coffee culture appears in the way in which people consume coffee, the way they make it, and where coffee is served and shared. Each of these factors combined reflects the lives of the people in these countries and the importance of coffee across the world. History- Origins: Ethiopian Legend: The heritage of coffee grown all around the world can be found in the forests of Ethiopia, where the theory of its origins also resides. According to local legend, a goat herder named Kaldi saw his goats eating coffee "berries". This caused them to gain extreme amounts of energy, preventing them from sleeping at night. He brought this information to local monks, who created a drink with the coffee beans. One monk who drank the concoction found that it allowed him to stay up all night and pray. As this information spread to other Ethiopian monks, it began to spread across the civilized world. Cultivation: Much of the popularization of coffee is due to its cultivation in the Arab world, beginning in what is now Yemen, by Sufi monks in the 15th century. Through thousands of Muslims pilgrimaging to Mecca, the enjoyment and harvesting of coffee, or the "wine of Araby" spread to other countries (e.g. Turkey, Egypt, Syria) and eventually to a majority of the world through the 16th century. Coffee, in addition to being essential in the home, became a major part of social life. Coffeehouses, qahwa قَهوة in Modern Standard Arabic, became "Schools of the Wise" as they developed into places of intellectual discussion, in addition to centers of relaxation and comradery. Expansion- Europe: By the 17th century, European travelers had brought coffee to the continent, where large amounts of controversy surrounded it as its popularity grew. The "Schools of the Wise" of the Arab world began spreading across the continent, becoming known as "penny universities" in England, and developed to satisfy the needs of various social classes. In addition, coffee replaced beer and wine as the "breakfast drink", improving the quality produced by the working classes. Once Pope Clement VIII gave a papal pardon to coffee in 1615, it increased the coffee consuming population and contributed to its eventual expansion to the Americas. The Americas: Traders, conquistadors, and missionaries brought coffee over to the Americas with them during the Columbian Exchange. In terms of North America, the British brought coffee over to New York, then New Amsterdam, in the 1600s. It reached peak popularity after the Boston Tea Party, and has remained an American staple drink ever since. The parent seed of the Arabica coffee found mainly in the Caribbean, but also in other countries in South and Central America, was brought over in 1723. After the Mayor of Amsterdam gifted King Louis XIV a coffee plant in 1714, naval officer Gabriel de Clieu stole a seed and brought it to the island of Martinique. Its cultivation eventually spread across the aforementioned regions. Brazil, today's largest producer of coffee, was brought coffee by Francisco de Mello Palheta, who got the seeds from French Guinea. Slavery: Today's high-grossing industry of coffee was built by the institution of slavery across the world. Once the demand for coffee grew past the amount being produced in the Arabic world, the Dutch began cultivating coffee in Indonesia, modern-day Java, and eventually moved to Sumatra and Celebes in the 17th century. Much of the coffee grown in Africa and the Americas was grown and harvested by slaves as well. World cultures- Coffeehouse culture: Coffeehouse culture began in the Arab world, and eventually spread to other areas of the world and blended with the local culture. Traditional Arab coffeehouses are places where mostly men meet to socialize over games, coffee, and water pipes (shiisha or agriile). Depending on where the coffeehouse is, its specialty differs. In North Africa, green tea is served with mint or coffee is served European style. Arabic coffee, or Turkish coffee, is made in Egypt and the Levant countries. Arabic coffee is a very small amount of dark coffee boiled in a pot and presented in a demitasse cup. Particularly in Egypt, coffee is served maZbuuT, which means the amount of sugar will be "just right", about one teaspoon per cup. However, in the Arabian Peninsula, Arabic coffee is roasted in such a way that the coffee is almost clear; it is traditional for the host to refill the guest's cup until politely signaled that the guest is finished. Coffeehouses have gained popularity in other countries such as Turkey and Iran. Turkey, for example, shares many similarities to Arabic coffeehouses as they integrated into the culture during the Ottoman Empire's reign. On the other hand, Austria's popular Viennese coffeehouses were created with Europe's introduction to coffee. These coffeehouses are dissimilar in that they are not usually places of gathering, instead many people go to sit alone and enjoy coffee.[5] Other variations have been created as the world has modernized: coffeeshops in North America and the Philippines, kopi tiam in Malaysia and Singapore, and cafes in various other countries. Africa: Despite originating and 13% of the world's coffee supply being grown in various African countries, coffee culture has just recently emerged. The most explicit sense of a coffee culture is in Northern Africa and Ethiopia. Those who are attempting to create a larger coffee consumption industry in Africa are looking to make it completely dependent on coffee grown in Africa. Ethiopia: Drinking Ethiopian coffee, especially in the place of coffee's origin, is a cultural experience. The process for making the coffee, known as Bunna, takes over an hour. First, the beans are washed in water and then placed into a skillet over a fire. Once the beans have burst from their skins, they are ground with a metal stick. The grounds are placed into a jebena, an Ethiopian pot, with hot water and served in a cini cup. Europe: The countries of Europe have developed various versions of coffee that have spread across the world. Café au lait and espressos have become norms across in various coffee shops, while the coffee grown in countries formerly colonized by European powers have in turn affected European coffee culture. France: French coffee, such as café au lait, has spread across and become popular across the world. However, the method of consuming remains uniquely French. Coffee is drunk sitting down in cafes or relaxing areas. It is also consumed in small amounts, and not for taste or energy. Coffee has been engrained into everyday French culture. Greece: Greece has a surprisingly strong and present coffee culture. There are two main places where coffee is consumed: the kafeteria and the kafenio. The kafeteria, which changes from cafe to bar at night, is mainly for young people under 35 years old to meet and hang out. The kafeneio is where all the old gentlemen used to meet during the popularity "Schools of the Wise". The popular drink of the kafeneio is the ellinikós kafés, which is very similar to Turkish coffee. Its grains are also used for fortune telling after the person finishes drinking. However, frappes have become more popular among the young in kafeterias. The Greek frappe is a mix of Nescafé, milk, and sugar frothed up and poured over ice. Recent years have seen the rise in popularity of iced espresso-based coffees, such as "espresso freddo" (mixed with ice, then poured over ice) and "cappuccino freddo" (same, but with a layer of cold frothed milk poured on top). Albania: In 2016, Albania surpassed Spain by becoming the country with the most coffee houses per capita in the world. In fact, there are 654 coffee houses per 100,000 inhabitants in Albania, a country with only 2.5 million inhabitants. This is due to coffee houses closing down in Spain due to the economic crisis, and the fact that as many cafes open as they close in Albania. In addition, the fact that it was one of the easiest ways to make a living after the fall of communism in Albania, together with the country’s Ottoman legacy further reinforce the strong dominance of coffee culture in Albania. Ireland: Although tea is by far the most popular drink in Ireland, the country has a long history of coffeehouses and its coffee culture has created a drink that has gained worldwide popularity. Irish coffee is a blend of hot coffee, whiskey, and whipped cream. It is usually served after dinner in many Irish establishments. Italy: As the birthplace of the espresso machine, Italy equates coffee to espresso. You can pick one up at a Neapolitan bar or any nameless cafe in the countryside. One may get their espressos suited to their tastes. The most popular coffee-based beverages are: Caffè (espresso): -Caffè macchiato: espresso with a small amount of milk or milk foam -Cappuccino: espresso with steamed milk foam -Caffè corretto: espresso with a small amount of an alcoholic beverage, as brandy, sambuca, grappa, or cognac -Caffellatte (or caffè latte): coffee and milk, usually in a 1:1 proportion -Latte macchiato: coffee and milk, usually in a 1:2 or 1:3 proportion -Caffè americano: an espresso with more water Nordic Countries: The well-known coffee-break was created in the Nordic region, particularly Sweden and Finland. The fika (pause) tradition calls for two breaks around 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. during the work day. A very social event, fika is usually a coming-together of loved ones, friends, and colleagues over strong coffee and a shared sweet. Portugal: In the past, Portugal imported most of its coffee beans from Brazil, which heavily influenced its coffee culture. Using mainly robusta beans, Portuguese coffee is made very strong, and the usual order is a Bica (only in Lisbon), a very bitter shot of espresso. According to a legend, this is an acronym for "Beba Isso Com Açúcar", which translates to "drink this with sugar". Much like Nordic cultures, coffee in Portugal is used for shared time among friends. Spain: Coffee is a way of life in Spain. It is consumed during almost every meal, but most often during the almuerzo, a small meal in the middle of the day, and after the cena or dinner. The various staples of the coffee life are: -Café solo: espresso -Café cortado: espresso with a small amount of milk -Café con Hielo: iced espresso -Café Americano: Café solo with more water -Café caramel/ Café bonbon: espresso/ Café Solo with condensed milk -Café doble: double espresso -Café con leche: coffee with milk -Carajillo: espresso with a small amount of rum, brandy, or whiskey -Trifasico (Catalan): Carajillo with milk -Café sombra/ café manchada: a glass of milk with a small amount of coffee -Café suizo: coffee with whipped cream Latin America: Latin America is defined as the territories and countries in the Americas whose main languages are Romantic. A majority of the top-producing coffee countries are in this region, and small, family-owned coffee businesses are still fairly successful. Coffee, especially with the combination of European and indigenous cultures, is extremely popular and unique to each region. Mexico: The most popular form of coffee in Mexico is café de olla. Its name derives from how the coffee is made in a clay pot. Traditionally, piloncillo, unrefined brown sugar, and a cinnamon stick is served with the dark roast coffee made in the pot. Brazil: Coffee's extreme popularity in Brazil reaches all ages and demographics. One of the most popular drinks of the country is café com leite, which is extreme strong coffee blended with a large amount of milk. This drink is usually served at breakfast to adults and children alike. Another popular Brazilian drink is the cafezinho, made with a strong coffee blend similar to that used in café com leite and a large portion of sugar. Ecuador: Coffee in Ecuador is often pre-sweetened and made using instant coffee. When one orders a café con leche, they receive a large glass of steamed milk with a small pile of instant coffee. In order to request coffee made in the traditional sense, the correct way to order is to request a café filtrado. Cuba: Much like in Brazil, coffee is best enjoyed within the family in Cuba. Cuban coffee is usually a coffee ration mixed with a store-bought coffee blend, is accessible. It is usually made very strong, but sweet. One popular form is the café cubano, or the cafecito, which is an espresso made with sugar. A less sweet version is the cortadito, an espresso with steamed milk. North America: Although Canada consumes more coffee than the United States, the populations of both countries enjoy quick, fast, and sugary consumptions of coffee. Both are dominated by coffee chains (e.g. Tim Horton's and Starbucks), yet have different coffee cultures from region to region. For example, the Northeastern U.S. mostly wants fast coffee (e.g. Dunkin Donuts "Everybody runs on Dunkin" slogan). While places like Portland, OR and San Francisco, CA have developed a more hipster-esque style café-roaster coffee culture. East Asia: Coffee culture is a relatively new, yet large phenomenon in East Asia. Coffee shops, both Starbucks and smaller businesses, have been growing exponentially in urban areas. The most popular coffee shops are those in which tradition has blended with the new surge of coffee culture. Japan: Japanese coffee culture has been able to blend that of North American coffee culture and Japanese tea culture. While the country does have its fast coffee pickups in the major cities, it is also developing coffee shops similar to those of traditional tea shops. These coffee shops are very trendy, with latte designs and popular Japanese culture; however, they also try to preserve the politeness and methods of old Japanese tea serving. Southeast Asian coffee culture: Kopitiam is a traditional Southeast Asian coffeehouse, and is most popular in Singapore and Malaysia. All generations hang out at kopitiams, while drinking strong green tea and coffee with milk in their traditional forms. While these exist in almost every neighborhood, more modern versions of coffee are spreading across major cities and coffee centers. While urban areas have adopted the trend of nano- and micro-roasters, coffee growing cities (e.g. Bangkok and Jakarta) have created their own speciality blends that are sold in local speciality coffee shops. Vietnam: As the French brought coffee to Vietnam, it bears its influence heavily. Similarly, coffee is a large part of both cultures. For example, the Vietnamese take their coffee very seriously, only importing the best roasts and blends. However, when referring to Vietnamese coffee, words like "success" and "discover" are used. The most popular coffee drink in Vietnam is ca phe sua da, or "coffee, milk, ice". This drink is created by mixing strong coffee poured through a water drip and sweetened condensed milk, and then pouring that over ice.

Coffee in Japan

Japan has a coffee culture that has changed with societal needs over time. Today, coffee shops serve as a niche within their urban cultures. While it was introduced earlier in history, in the sixteen and seventeenth centuries by Dutch and Portuguese traders, it gained popularity rapidly at the turn of the twentieth century. It supports the social aspects of Japan, serving both as a space to connect but also to alleviate oneself from social pressures. Coffee is also defined by class interactions and classicist behaviors and has economic influence through the mass amount of import of coffee and the mass consumption of coffee in Japan in its many different forms. History: Coffee first arrived in Japan via Dutch traders in 1700. The first shop opened in 1888 and was called Kahiichakan. It lasted five years before going bankrupt. In 1933, Tadao Ueshima founded Ueshima Tadao Shoten in Kobe. Ueshima has since been dubbed the "Father of Coffee in Japan". During World War II, the Japanese established a ban on coffee imports until 1950. In 1969, Ueshima re-invented and mass-produced the first canned coffee making it a commodity to be consumed anywhere. Some canned coffee brands include "Boss (produced by Suntory), Georgia (produced by Coca-Cola), Nescafe (produced by Nestlé), and Roots (produced by Japan Tobacco)". Following its brief stint in the Meiji period, coffee wove its way back into the Japanese markets in the 1960s. During World War II coffee import was banned in Japan as they were in conflict with the influential west. To measure its growth in consumption, Japan imported 15,000 tonnes back in 1960. Today, the numbers total over 440,000 tonnes. Japan's spike in coffee consumption can be linked to its fascination with western cultures leading to large investments. Mr. Ueshima also played a large role in the establishment of the All Japanese Coffee Association in 1980. In the same year, Doutor Coffee opened the country's first chain furthering the consumption and turning coffee into a valuable economic resource. Part of Doutor's success was its on-the-go environment. This facilitated and encouraged people to take their coffee with them to work and to school. Types of coffee shops: Smaller chains battle to stay afloat by being known for their individual traits. For example, Renoir is recognized by its plug-in and wireless access for customers. Another factor is smoking and as some customers appreciate a smoke and coffee, others despise the thought of smoking altogether. Smaller shops can better cater to the locals in terms of allowing smoking while larger chains like Starbucks, must follow company rules and ban it. Bigger chains like McDonald's and Starbucks are rooted in the west and have pushed themselves upon the growing coffee market in Japan through storefronts and stands. Big or small, they both have been heavily influenced by the west. Smaller chains like Boss and Roots enlisted the help of prominent Americans Tommy Lee Jones (Boss) and Brad Pitt (Roots) to be their spokespeople and advertise for them. Bigger Chains like Starbucks emerged to capitalize on the new booming coffee industry in Japan. The first Starbucks opened in Ginza, Tokyo, in 1996. In 2005, they partnered with Suntory to sell their own canned coffee. Over time, Starbucks has grown to over 1,000 Japanese shops clustered around the cities. In response, McDonald's McCafe has sprouted up where instead of having a whole McDonald's store there is simply a stand selling McDonald's coffee. These standalone shops were officially established in 2007 and target coffee and small on-the-go treats. Tully's is a third foreign enterprise stemming out of Seattle, Washington. Its first shop opened in 1997, and grew to 513 by 2014. Culture: Coffee culture in Japan is one of the most unique observed globally. Due to the product's foreign origins, Japanese coffee culture is heavily connected to the identity of being foreign or western. This identity resulted in the beverage being banned during World War II. Coffee franchises such as the Western Starbucks are viewed and enjoyed in the same way as the Disneyland franchise in Japan. Concerning the Starbucks franchise, the first location outside of the US for Starbucks was Japan. In postwar Japan, Western products and goods were indicators of the new Japanese middle class. High-grade coffee equipment, as well as ground coffee, fell into this category. In the world of post-war Japan, jazz cafés and coffee they served were examples of Japan's efforts to modernize its culture and society in the vein of Western countries. Coffee shops were also cultural spots for progressive youths during the 1960s and 1970s, serving as meeting places for feminist movements and anti-government protests. Culture wise, coffee differs greatly from a traditional Japanese tea culture. Coffee is primarily viewed as Western wise as a solitary drink. Japan has a similar view of the beverage. In the 1960s and 1970s, coffee became popular with Japanese businessmen working alone in public. However, Japanese coffee also has a social element to it, but a radically different one than the social element associated with Japanese tea culture. In Japan, tea culture is a social, unifying event, expressed through the traditional Japanese tea ceremony. The Japanese tea ceremony is an expression of hospitality and respect towards friends and guests. Coffee shops and coffee produced there serve a social function as well but a more disruptive social function. Coffee shops in Japan served as meeting places for social movements aimed at transforming and disrupting Japanese society during the 1970s and 1980s. These social movements include Japanese feminist groups and various anti-government movements. While serving as a symbol for Japanese businessmen as well as youthful activists, types of coffee products also serve to illustrate a divide between age groups. Per an article written through a collaboration between professors from the University of Hawaii and St. Andrews University in Osaka, instant coffee is viewed as common while ground and fresh coffee beans are viewed as luxury goods. Instant coffee is preferred by Japanese youth while ground coffee is enjoyed by successful middle-class Japanese adults. International Connections: Japanese coffee production is an international affair. Coffee beans sold and roasted in Japan are primarily grown in countries such as Brazil, Indonesia and other countries with warm climates. Between 1908 and 1924, roughly 35,000 Japanese citizens emigrated to Brazil to work on coffee farms. These Japanese Brazilians would then bring coffee back to Japan. Japan’s coffee culture has also adopted the language and terminology used in English speaking Western countries such as roast and drop rather than create Japanese terms. Coffee brands in Japan are often marked by Western actors such as Brad Pitt and Tom Selleck, further indicating the product's foreign identity. Economy: Historically, the economy of coffee shops boomed during the “bubble economy”, in which there was great economic growth, particularly commercially, despite the unstable nature of this expansion. Currently, average revenue as of 2019 is 4075994.85 yen, which translates to $37,478 million in USD. The major type of coffee that is the most popular is instant coffee, which accrued a revenue of 3016157.88 yen, or 27,733 million in USD in 2019. The price of instant coffee per unit has gone up over the past couple of years, but roast coffee per unit has remained relatively stable. The large majority of coffee is consumed outside of the home, in bars and restaurants, proportional to in-home consumption. The largest company in the retail coffee segment is Nestlé, and the biggest company in the in-home and out-of-home coffee is JAB Holdings, which is Luxembourg-based. There has been a steady increase in coffee revenue in Japan over the past decade. Globally, they are the third country from the most revenue generated from coffee.

Coffeehouse effect

The Coffeehouse effect is a recent trend concerning people who go to coffeehouses to study or work productively. It is a recent phenomenon, born within the new century and widespread to workers and students. The main reasons of its birth are, on one hand, a more flexible work generation, characterized by the fact that workers don’t own an office anymore and they need a space to work. On the other hand, the phenomenon has developed due to the lack of studying spaces in universities, which have seen an increase among the enrolled students, who had to face this problem by looking for different spaces to study and meet for group-work: they found in coffeehouses a productive space to work for their projects and study. Furthermore, the diffusion of this phenomenon has generated a series of studies from sociologists to psychologists, who investigated the phenomenon from a cultural and social point of view, discovering that background sounds, or having people around can increase one's brain productivity. History and origins: The tendency of using coffee-shops as a place to study and work for both students and workers has its genesis in the late 20th century and it’s now a global trend. Concerning workers, this phenomenon is deeply embedded in the 21st century Post-Fordism paradigm and in its way of conceiving flexibility as a key feature in modern age organizations. The rise of Information Technology and the shift from Mass marketing to flexible specialization have softened the boundaries between home life and work life. Companies tend to focus on results and goals, leaving the employees free of time or place constraints. A Gallup survey showed that, not only american employees and employers are working more remotely, but this practice, viewed as broadly beneficial, is actually boosting productivity. On the other hand, students, and especially millennials, often in response to the lack of scholastic or university places to study, have started to use coffee-shops for studying and or leisure purposes. The development of internet cafés, providing Internet access to the public under the payment of a time-based fee, and of chains such as Starbucks that offer customers wi-fi connection and places to stay regardless of time spent, has boosted the spread of the coffee-shop effect. The coffee-shop effect has developed mainly in big European (especially in Northern Europe) and American cities but is becoming more and more a global trend. Psychological and social aspects: With the emerge of coworking and the increasing presence of such places, with the lack of available study areas in schools and universities, and namely with the growing popularity of flexible work environments and nomad working, especially among millennials and entrepreneurs, the adepts of the trend have started to switch towards an even more informal environment: the coffehouse. What makes them choose this kind of space over others, is mostly due to its direct connection with productivity and the positive impact on work’s outcome. From a psychological standpoint, scholars in the field have identified various elements that play a role in influencing people to come to coffeehouses to work or study. Firstly, it has been noted that by pursuing a mind related activity in a coffee shop, the brain’s neuroplasticity is exercised. Not only that, but it also contributes to combating routine and predictability, which basically accommodate the brain with an easily formed schedule, not efficient for activities like brainstorming or innovation focused tasks. Moreover, it has been proved that by being exposed to new stimuli, in this given case, the lively atmosphere of the cafes (background noises, the scent of coffee and cakes etc.), the brain tends to create new mechanisms to accomplish tasks, and ultimately, break unproductive routines. According to evolution scientists, the human brain is naturally, thus constantly in a search for novelty, which nowadays, coffeehouses seem to offer, predominantly from a working/studying perspective. Known in popular culture as the “Shiny Object Syndrome” (SOS), or “The Disease of distraction”, name inspired by a child’s run after a shiny object, in the coffeehouse working scenario, the shiny object, or the novelty refers to the new environment, that helps the brain to release dopamine. Until recent studies, dopamine could be felt as a reward, but currently, the scientific findings tie it to a boost in motivation, therefore emphasizing the fact environments have a big say in performance and work’s aftermath. Along with the effect on performance, working in a coffeehouse contributes to habit formation, since it is likely the brain will connect the place to an environment where work is done not only efficiently, but creatively. The mental significance a coffeehouse gets after being used as an office/study zone reinforces the concept of brandscape, which was described by General Mills as “a symbolic space that is a familiar and comfortable home for consumers”. Even if this notion is more effectively put into practice by the so-called experience economy retailers, such as Disney or Apple, coffehouses’ atmospherics enable their consumers to encounter a whole vibe: the musical selections (from jazz to hip indie), the furnishings with a vintage, “artsy” vibe, or the hipster staff, all contributing to the sense of community and belonging. Through social lenses, it is important to mention the “Third Places Theory”, coined by Ray Oldenburg (1989), which points out there are some public spaces that exist between the formality and seriousness of the work sphere and the privacy and familial intimacy of domestic sphere – exactly where coffeehouses are placed in this day and age. In public imagination, they’re at the border of a variety of antagonisms, such as work and play, online and offline, public and private, presence and co-presence, individual and community, or local and global, increasing their valorization for contemporary culture and constantly intertwining their meaning. Marketing perspective: The marketing and financial consequences of this expanding trend are bipolar, creating a bifurcation in the coffee shops market. Owners of coffee shops might not always see this trend as a source of income, even though most of them consider this a great idea to improve their cafés and get more people to buy their products, others consider this counterproductive. In today's online-driven world, this might be seen as a risk, mainly because many people, like students or office workers, go to cafés just to have a space to work, occupying a table for many hours a day, provoking a loss for the owner. This means that in the short-run this trend might actually hurt the business of coffee houses, hence it's not well-seen by many café owners. “We don't want to be an office.” - some café owners are “pulling the plug” on Wi-Fi in their bars, not only for economic reasons, but also for a problem of atmosphere: they hope to create more of a community in their bars, where people talk instead of typing on their computers for hours. The other side of the coin concerns the benefits in terms of revenues that this type of coffee shops can have on the business. Of course, adapting to the new standards of internet cafés, with big tables, wi-fi, and even computers accessible to the public, is an expense for the owners, but the potential profits made thanks to this arrangement could be really high. Many cafés are starting to develop a new way of conceiving their bars as a profitable coworking space, implementing areas with couches, internet lounges, wall outlets, and offering office spaces and conference rooms. The marketing strategy can also comprehend packaged deals, which could be a valid solution for those who are afraid of damaging their business with this type of activity. Packaged deals usually include promotions like “buy x time of internet and get free coffee” or to give the possibility of printing, scanning and faxing if you consume something at the bar. These are useful ways to make profits with internet cafés, since this new business can sometimes seem scary for owners. From the brand point of view, associating work with consumption could potentially be disruptive: people going to cafés to study or work might start thinking of that particular bar as the place where work is done, and not as a relaxing pleasant space. This could affect the brand image of the café, which is going to be considered more like an “office”, which is exactly what many coffee shop owners are trying to avoid, to maintain a certain image of their shop. That’s the case of the Rose Cafe in Venice, California; like most cafes, the Rose doesn’t provide electrical outlets, to avoid consumers staying there all day long. Some remote workers have gotten the message and try to do their part. Jocelyn Johnson, who founded VideoInk, relies on remote work sites including the Rose. She has defined a code of conduct: her self-imposed rules include working in one cafe or restaurant no more than three mornings a week, for no more than three hours. She always orders a coffee and pastry, and frequently a lunch to go, to make sure she is not imposing on the chosen café. In an interview for The New York Times, she says that she once tried a weekend brunch there, only to realize that it felt too much like the office. Pop-culture trends: -There are some websites like HipsterSound and Coffitivity that recreates the background sounds of a café in order to boost creativity and help people work in a better way. The sounds are divided in specialized playlists useful for any occasion, for example some of them being: “morning murmur, lunchtime lounge, university undertones, Brazil bistro”. -Youtube has also created playlists which retreat background noises you find in a coffeehouse. The playlists vary from internal sounds of dishes, mugs and coffee machine, to external sounds like rain drop falling on the windows. -Spotify has also created coffeehouse sounds playlists such as “Café sounds”, “Starbucks coffee sounds", "The coffeehouse crowd".

Coffee in Portland, Oregon

Portland, Oregon, in the United States, is known for having an established coffee culture. In February 2012, The New York Times reported that Portland had more than 30 coffee roasters. Comparing Portland's coffee culture to other major cities along the West Coast, Oliver Strand wrote: "Seattle coffee might have more muscle, and San Francisco coffee might have more mystique, but Portland's coffee scene is arguably the country's most intimate. It's also one of the most relaxed." Coffeehouses and roasters: Coffeehouses have included Coffee Time, Rimsky-Korsakoffee House, and Southeast Grind (2009–2019). Some of Portland's roasters include Coava Coffee Roasters, Heart Coffee Roasters, Water Avenue Coffee, Sterling Coffee Roasters and Stumptown Coffee Roasters. Events: In 2012, the Specialty Coffee Association of America hosted its annual convention, billed as "the largest coffee industry gathering in the world", at the Oregon Convention Center. Prevalence: Portland is noted as a place in which people use coffeehouses as a third place. There is more coffee available in gentrified areas of Portland.

Coffee in Seattle

Seattle is regarded as a world center for coffee roasting and coffee supply chain management. Related to this, many of the city's inhabitants are coffee enthusiasts; the city is known for its prominent coffee culture and numerous coffeehouses. Coffee consumption and culture: People in Seattle consume more coffee than in any other American city; one study stated that there are 35 coffee shops per 100,000 residents and that Seattle people spend an average of $36 a month on coffee. It is nearly impossible to walk past a single block in a commercial area in Seattle without walking past at least one coffee shop. Coffee drinkers can get coffee at a local sidewalk stand, parking lot, tiny coffee houses, big coffee houses, drive-through, and even delivery. Several Seattle Ethiopian restaurants carry forward one or another degree of Ethiopian coffee tradition, which includes doing their own roasting. These include the Jebena Cafe in Pinehurst, Kaffa Coffee & Wine Bar in the Rainier Valley, and Adey Abeba in the Central District. In the early 2000s in Seattle a coffee concept called the bikini barista began to be implemented by various marketers throughout the area. Coffee distribution in this business model utilizes baristas wearing little clothing to prepare and serve the coffee. Roasters: Numerous coffee roasting companies are headquartered in Seattle, including Conduit Coffee Roasters, Fonté Coffee Roasters, River Trail Roasters, Caffè Umbria, Torrefazione Italia, Fremont Coffee Company, Herkimer Coffee, Seattle Coffee Works, Kuma Coffee, Caffe Appassionato, Caffe Ladro and Ladro Roasting, Top Pot Coffee Roasters, Victrola Coffee Roasters, Lighthouse Roasters, and Zoka Coffee Roaster and Tea Company. National chains active in Seattle include: Starbucks: Starbucks is Seattle's largest coffee retailer. It was founded in 1971 in Pike Place Market as a roaster, but only later became an espresso bar. In 1984 ownership of the company changed and Howard Schultz led a massive international expansion of the company. In 2003, Starbucks acquired pioneering Seattle roaster Seattle's Best Coffee (SBC, originally Stewart Brothers' Coffee). Tully's Coffee: Tully's Coffee is Seattle's second-largest coffee retailer. Tom Tully O'Keefe founded the chain in Kent, Washington in 1992 to rival the expansion of Starbucks with an alternative business model. Caffé Vita Coffee Roasting Company: Caffé Vita Coffee Roasting Company was founded in 1995 to produce excellent artisan coffee and to implement an ethical model for coffee production which bypassed the fair trade business model and sourced coffee beans directly from the farmers producing it. Espresso Vivace: Espresso Vivace is a set of coffeehouses and a roaster. Founded in 1988[10] by a Boeing engineer, the coffee is produced to exacting specifications to match the owner's taste and the taste of patrons who prefer this different blend. Stumptown: Portland-based Stumptown Coffee Roasters opened a roasting facility in Seattle in 2010. On October 6, 2015 it was announced that San Francisco-based Peet's Coffee (a division of JAB Holding Company of Germany, since 2012) would acquire Stumptown. Coffeehouses: Seattle coffeehouse culture includes chains, such as Starbucks, Tully's Coffee and Seattle's Best Coffee, alongside many independently owned coffee shops. Independently owned coffee shops include Café Allegro, Caffé D’arte, Caffè Umbria, Caffe Ladro, Caffé Vita, Espresso Vivace, Monorail Espresso, Top Pot Doughnuts, Elm Coffee Roasters, Slate Coffee, Victrola, and Zoka Coffee. Café Allegro: Café Allegro is a coffeeshop in University District. Its founder worked with Starbucks roasters to develop the original Starbucks espresso roast, which is darker than most other roasts but still lighter than the darkest roast. That espresso roast remains the standard Starbucks espresso offering, but it was developed for Café Allegro. Last Exit on Brooklyn: The Last Exit on Brooklyn was a coffee house which opened in 1967 and closed in 2000. It was a gathering place for high-level chess players and intellectuals, and the proprietor worked to "create a haven where students and the benign crazies" were welcome and where "everyone felt equal and there were no sacred cows". Top Pot Doughnuts: Top Pot Doughnuts was founded in 2002 on Capitol Hill as a pastry bakery which also roasts and sells coffee. It has since expanded to locations across the Puget Sound region and Dallas, Texas. Bauhaus Coffee and Books: A precursor to Top Pot Doughnuts; Bauhaus was founded on October 5, 1993, and is notable for an unusual coffeehouse space design, which the Top Pot Doughnuts co-founders later applied to its design. While the original location closed on October 5, 2013, a new Capitol Hill location later opened that year, following two new locations in Ballard and Green Lake. All three were closed abruptly on December 13, 2015. Owner Joel Radin filed bankruptcy in February 2017. Coffee technology: In 2007 the Coffee Equipment Company released a product called the Clover, which was a machine which brewed coffee one cup at a time. The company was acquired by Starbucks who now produces the Clover. Coffee events: -Coffee: World in your Cup is the name of an exhibition and community series which premiered in Seattle through most of 2009 at the Burke Museum. The exhibition includes displays of equipment at the museum and a lecture series with talks in various locations wherein experts talk about aspects of the coffee industry. -The World Barista Championship was held in Seattle in April 2015. The competition, and its winner Sasa Sestic, were the subject of a documentary film The Coffee Man. Seattle coffee in popular culture: In the NBC series Frasier, the characters are often seen drinking coffee at the fictional Café Nervosa, which is said to have been inspired by the real-life Elliott Bay Café.

New England Coffee

New England Coffee is New England’s largest independent specialty coffee roaster. Founded in 1916 by Menelaos and George Kaloyanides Boston, Massachusetts, the business was led by four generations of the Kaloyanides family, first by Menalos Kaloyanides and subsequently by Steven, James M. and James B. Kaloyanides. New England Coffee was voted Massachusetts family business of the year in 2007. History: In 1916 Greek immigrant brothers Menelaos & George Kaloyanides started the New England Tea & Coffee Company. Originally located in a building at the corner of Milk and Broad Streets in Boston, hand-roasted coffee was delivered by horse and wagon. The first truck was purchased in 1918 and soon after other family members started to join the business. In 1966, after outgrowing several homes in succession, New England Coffee finally settled into their present location at 100 Charles Street in Malden, Massachusetts. Today, New England Coffee occupies five buildings and has hugely expanded their manufacturing and packaging capabilities. Four generations of the Kaloyanides family have led the business since its inception; Menelaos Kaloyanides from 1916 to 1966, Stephen Kaloyanides from 1966 to 1996, James M. Kaloyanides from 1996 to 2013 and James B Kaloyanides from 2013 to 2016. Basil "Lucky" Kaloyanides, father of James M. Kaloyanides and grandfather of James B. Kaloyanides was inducted to the Massachusetts Restaurant Association Hall of Fame and was a well known and respected representative of the company. New England Coffee only uses 100% Arabica beans in all of their products. New England Coffee offers coffee varietals, blends, flavored coffees and full-bodied dark roasts with coffee beans from locations such as Colombia, Sumatra, Brazil and Costa Rica. Among the most critically acclaimed varieties are Decaffeinated Colombian and Colombian Supremo which have both been reviewed by Consumer Reports. In 2016, New England Coffee celebrated its 100th anniversary. Availability: Today, New England Coffee serves over 5,000 Foodservice Customers nationally with their variety of blends, flavors, decaffeinated, dark roast and fair trade coffee and hot and iced beverages like tea, lattes and smoothies. Foodservice locations include: -Restaurants -Hotels and Inns -Coffee and Bagel Shops -Convenience Stores -Colleges and Universities -Healthcare -Cafeterias New England Coffee Retail Ground Coffee is also sold at participating supermarket retailers throughout the United States. The brand is currently available in many Targets and Walmarts east of the Mississippi, and it can be found in the Midwest as well as in such states as Florida and Texas. The Coffee Shop, New England Coffee's online store, offers exclusive coffee selections and bulk whole bean as well as tea, gift baskets, coffee mugs and other novelty items.

Revelator Coffee

Revelator Coffee Company LLC is an American coffee roasting company headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. The company was founded by Josh Owen, Emma Chevalier and Elizabeth Pogue in October 2013 and was originally located in New Orleans, Louisiana, until moving to Birmingham in February 2015. Revelator Coffee opened its first coffee shop in Birmingham in October 2014 and now operates 20 locations around the southern United States, as well as two in Massachusetts. The company acquired Boston, Massachusetts-based Wired Puppy and Atlanta, Georgia-based Octane Coffee in 2017 and presently operates coffee shops under their brands. History- Foundation and expansion: Revelator Coffee was incorporated under the laws of Delaware on October 9, 2013. The company was founded by Josh Owen, Emma Chevalier and Elizabeth Pogue, who served as president, creative director and director of operations, respectively. The company was officially announced in March 2014, with its corporate headquarters, including their roastery, in New Orleans, Louisiana. They initially planned to open four shops, one in New Orleans, another in Birmingham, Alabama and two in Chattanooga, Tennessee, to serve as pilot projects. In February 2015, Revelator Coffee announced that they were moving their corporate headquarters and roastery to a 10,000 square feet warehouse located in Birmingham. The move aimed at drawing the company's offices closer to its Birmingham-based prime location, as well finding a central spot in the south-east of the United States. In January 2017, Revelator Coffee acquired Wired Puppy, a Boston, Massachusetts-based coffeehouse with outposts in Boston and Provincetown, after its owner was forced to sell the company due to staff shortage. In March 2017, Revelator Coffee announced that they were acquiring Octane Coffee, an Atlanta, Georgia-based coffeehouse chain Tony Riffel, who co-founded Octane Coffee in 2003, became a member of Revelator Coffee's advisory board as part of the two companies' merger, before later being promoted to director of retail. The Octane Coffee brand was kept alive for usage on their shops, while both Revelator Coffee and Octane Coffee products were sold at each's locations. All Octane Coffee and Wired Puppy locations are set to be re-branded by July 2018. Locations: Revelator Coffee operates 18 coffee shops and two restaurants across the southern United States, as well as two further coffee shops in Massachusetts. The first shop was opened in Birmingham, Alabama on October 22, 2014 in Whitmire Lofts. It was the first of four locations set to serve as the company's pilot projects. The company has since expanded having shops in places that include Birmingham, Nashville, Tennessee, Charleston, South Carolina, Chattanooga, and Atlanta, Georgia. Several of the shops replaced defunct or closed coffee shops.

Community Coffee

Community Coffee is a coffee roaster and distributor based in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. As of 2005, it was the largest family-owned coffee brand in the United States, controlling 52% of the market in South Louisiana and 72% in Baton Rouge, and employing 850 people. The company has distribution throughout markets in the Southeastern United States. Community Coffee originated in 1919 when company founder Norman "Cap" Saurage began experimenting with coffee blends at his two grocery stores in downtown Baton Rouge. Demand for the coffee increased to the extent that by 1923 Saurage moved his coffee production to a converted barn, and in 1924 left his grocery business to focus on coffee. The company now imports coffee beans from Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico through ports in New Orleans and Houston. Since 1988, it has run a program in which UPC labels from its products can be redeemed for donations to Louisiana schools. In 2002 Community entered into a deal with the Abahuzamugambi farming cooperative in Rwanda, facilitated by the PEARL agricultural program, to purchase Maraba coffee. This was the first direct contract between an African farming cooperative and American coffee roaster. In 1995, Community Coffee began opening a chain of retail coffeehouses throughout Louisiana. Community also launched stores in Texas and Alabama, however, ventures in neighboring states failed due to the entrenchment of Starbucks and local brands. In 2013 Community spun off its coffee house business into a separate company named CC's Coffee House in order to facilitate out-of-state expansion. CC's remains under the ownership of the Saurage family.

Compass Coffee

Compass Coffee ("Compass") is an American coffee roaster and retailer based in Washington, D.C. It was founded in 2014 by Michael Haft and Harrison Suarez, both former Marines. The company currently has twelve existing locations in Washington, D.C. and Virginia, including one active roasting facility. Compass serves hot and cold drinks, whole bean and ground coffee, espresso, latte, bagged and loose-leaf teas. Compass is in the process of constructing a roasting facility in the Ivy City neighborhood of Washington, D.C. to support its East Coast operations. History: Haft and Suarez, both native Washingtonians, decided to start a company together following their return to the city after leaving active duty in the Marine Corps. After writing the book, Perfect Coffee at Home, they settled on starting a coffee roasting company. In Haft's basement, the two experimented with coffee-roasting apparatuses and finally opened their flagship café July 2014 in the Shaw neighborhood of Washington. This location also houses the company's main roaster and production center as well as offices. Following the first location, Compass built another café in the same neighborhood, opening in September 2015. Over the next few years, Compass would open 10 more locations with their most recent located in the Ballston Quarter of Arlington, Virginia. Compass supports local DC-based businesses by stocking their products in cafes. To do this, the company works closely with Union Kitchen, a food accelerator in DC, that helps them source DC-made food items for its cafés. Community Relations- Made In DC: Compass Coffee has deep ties with its Washington community. Compass played a role in jumpstarting the Made in DC movement in 2017, a non-profit with the purpose of building a stronger DC food ecosystem and creating jobs. Made in DC is also involved in the partnership between Compass Coffee and Union Kitchen, allowing the promotion of DC-based companies in various ways. Black Lives Matter 2020: In lieu of the Black Lives Matter protests of the summer of 2020, Compass came under fire for their relations with Washington DC natives, their Black customers, and their homeless customers. Former employees and customers took to social media to express their distaste for Compass's discriminatory behavior. The company posted a photo and surveillance video of a cafe that had been looted during the height of Black Lives Matter protests. The captions of these posts claimed support for Black Lives Matter but not of perceived violent acts within the movement. According to several social media users, the company began deleting comments that criticized their actions on these posts. Compass deleted these posts and issued an public apology. Commenters continued to express their varying opinions about the company's actions. Some commenters explained their criticisms for the coffee shop: "I’m a regular at Compass on 7th in Shaw. I’ve been disappointed recently to notice you charge a dollar for ice, only allow bathrooms for patrons even during the protest, and will kick community members off of your benches outside,"[15] while others urged that the owners are not racist, but merely "surround themselves with other white men and women that look like them." Many customers also took the opportunity to support Compass in saying, "it sounds like you are an innocent victim," and reassuring their right to be upset in their particular social media post. Following Compass Coffee's June 3rd, 2020 post that reads, "We can do better. We will do better. And we are here to listen and learn," nothing public has been released about Compass Coffee's community relations initiatives. Promoting Voter Participation: Compass Coffee is the only independent coffee company partnering with the nonprofit, Power the Polls. The company used its 8 open cafes to serve as voter registration locations on National Voter Registration Day, September 22nd, 2020 and will work with Power the Polls to offer healthy, low-COVID-risk employees paid time off to volunteer as a poll-worker on Election Day 2020. The company has also received resources from the Civic Alliance, a non-partisan coalition of nearly 250 employees with the aim of increasing voter turnout. COVID-19 Updates: In mid-March 2020, Compass Coffee decided to lay off 180 of its 200 employees abruptly with no monetary support under the promise that employees would be rehired when business picks up again from the coronavirus-related slowdown. Compass initially closed 6 of its 12 cafes. They reopened two locations in August 2020, so 8 of 12 original locations are fully functioning. Some locations were operating with limited hours. Haft and Suarez said they were serving between 50 to 100 customers at some downtown locations, down from about 1,500 on a pre-pandemic weekday. In late March 2020, Compass Coffee began a partnership with DC Mayor Muriel Bowser under which the company was commissioned to aid in producing 2,000 gallons of hand sanitizer for DC government workers and emergency / first-aid responders in light of the COVID-19 pandemic in Washington, D.C. Awards & Recognition: In 2015, Compass was praised by President Barack Obama as the coffee voted to be served in the White House during his Veterans Day Commemoration Speech. On October 20, 2017, Compass Coffee founders Haft and Suarez received the District of Columbia Chamber of Commerce's Community Impact Award at the 2017 Chamber's Choice Gala. Roasting Process & Equipment: The Compass roasting process is the first to use NASA technology for consistent brewing. It involves a Proportional Integral Derivative controller, which was developed by NASA to automate manual tasks and standardize operating procedures.